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Data were extracted by two reviewers (SC, RG) using a standardized form on the theoretic construct of the outcome measure, the respondent(s), standardization measures available (for example a manual or administration instructions), the target population, and the cost and training involved.
One major challenge in managing product complexity is the tradeoff between standardization measures and customized solutions.
Such demands were met by traditional productivity-enhancing management actions; foremost among these were standardization measures.
Our results demonstrate the potential for adapting and integrating the chronic care features of HIV services to other areas of primary health care through relatively simple standardization measures.
Instead of achieving the desired result of increased reproducibility between different institutes, the standardization measures would thus reduce reproducibility between different sites, which is also known as the so-called standardization fallacy (Würbel 2000).
On the other hand, given that series of standardization measures will be implemented to minimize nurse-specific effects, we anticipate that the intracluster correlation will not be higher than 0.10.
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Furthermore, performing real-time PCR-SSP in a multiplex format allowed the incorporation of internal standardization, measuring in parallel the degree of sequence identity between template and primers, and the amount of template incorporated in the reaction.
This recognizes that the proportion of persons across the selected direct standardization measure for an HC-QI at any one site will diverge from the population distribution.
Finally, using the three sets of estimates created by the separate covariate analysis models in each of the direct strata, and taking the population distribution of the direct standardization variable, each site's quality indicators were weighted to a common population distribution on the direct standardization measure.
The SPR is an indirect standardization measure, and like the SMR, should not be compared across studies unless stratum specific ratios are nearly constant across strata or when stratum specific population sizes are the same for the study and reference population.
We argue that there is an imperative to consider principles of coherence (what to measure), standardization (how to measure) and decision-relevance (why to measure) when designing monitoring schemes if they are to be practical and useful.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com