Some observers have suggested that the barriers to tobacco control research in LMICs include lack of data standardization, weak communications networks, inadequate human and material capacity to conduct research, and lack of funding [ 7].
Current practices by IED manufactures are pushing the utility telecoms towards standardization on common communications architecture.
This paper discusses standardization of information and communications technologies.
In addition, we review survey articles published in the recent years that deal with smart grids communications, applications, standardization, and security.
(p. 213) Wüllenweber et al. (2008) Variety reduction standardization BPS can "facilitate communications about how the business operates, to enable handoffs across process boundaries in terms of information, and to improve collaboration and develop comparative measures of process performance".
Major interoperability-related issues included lack of process modularity, operating system incompatibility, tool configuration complexity and lack of standardization of high-level inter-process communications.
Impediments included lack of NER process modularity, operating system and programming language incompatibility, tool configuration complexity, lack of standardization of high-level inter-process communications and database management system-related incompatibility.
You can have standards without having standardization.
"The requests for information relate to the manner in which standardization for future services in the mobile communications area is taking place," he said, "These fact-finding steps do not mean that we have competition concerns at this stage, nor do they prejudge the follow-up".
Ease of use is a major factor and can include the physical hardware, software programming, and integration of communications systems, V2G program administration, standardization of programs across utilities, and other issues.
Indeed, the benefits captured by cooperative communications are well extended in the research community, and standardization groups are considering the inclusion of cooperative techniques in practical systems.
