Sentence examples for standardised contrasts from inspiring English sources

Independence of data from correlation due to phylogeny was tested by constructing a phylogenetic tree for the selected felids (Figure S1) from which standardised contrasts were calculated (Text S5; Table S1).

Regression analysis of standardised contrasts (forced through the origin) was performed to test for the correlated evolution of traits in R [ 37, 81].

This method uses branch lengths to standardise contrasts between closely related taxa and is able to deal with the soft polytomies present in our phylogeny (Garland and Díaz-Uriarte [ 83]).

To test whether branch lengths had adequately standardised the contrasts, we performed regression analysis on the PICs of both characters against their standard deviation.

The PDAP (Phenotypic Diversity Analysis Package) module [ 64, 65] implemented in Mesquite was used to calculate standardised independent contrasts for the correlation between size-corrected intestinal length and arcsine-transformed proportion of animal material in diet at 28 internal nodes on the terapontid phylogeny.

In contrast, when standardised to 2000 kcal, the highest category of nutrient-based patterns cost $1.56 more than the lowest ($0.61 $2.51; figure 4B).

The contrasts were then standardised by dividing them by their respective standard deviations.

However, the branch transformation methods of Grafen [ 86], showed no significant relationship between contrasts and their standard deviations for both characters (DNA content, p = 0.289; Spore length, p = 0.090) (see Table  3), indicating the contrasts had been adequately standardised by branch lengths.

Novel image-derived parameters that reflect the relationship between tumour vascularity and metabolism have been described, for example the metabolic-flow difference calculated from the FDG SUV and standardised perfusion value (SPV) determined from contrast enhancement.

The male-to-female ratio increased slightly from 2.3 in 2005 to 2.9 in 2010.> In contrast, both the crude and standardised incidences of gout declined over time during this period, with the standardised incidence reducing by 30.3%.

Logarithmic, Pagel [ 84] and Nee [ 85] transformation of branch lengths resulted in an insignificant relationship for spore length, but was significant for DNA content (see Table  3) indicating that the contrasts had not been significantly standardised.