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Many studies do not state the method used to estimate volumes of tephra deposits in sufficient detail and there is no standardisation of methodologies.
The EC Joint Research Centre (JRC) has developed and validated methods for the detection and quantification of individual GMO events (EC JRC [2010], [2014a]) and run international collaborative programmes, predominantly with governmental laboratories, to increase harmonisation and standardisation of methodologies for analysing GMOs (EC JRC [2014b]).
Without standardisation of methodologies in terms of patient characteristics and the number and measurement of variables, the results and their generalisability should be interpreted with caution.
In addition, a lack of standardisation of methodologies for marker assessment has resulted in data that are not comparable, and not all mutations within a given gene are always screened for, possibly leading to underestimation of the role of KRAS mutations (Tejpar et al, 2010).
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The pre-existing standardisation of methodology for HER2 (immunohistochemistry/fluorescence in situ hybridization) facilitates analysis of existing data for this key marker.
We conclude that the optimum use of microarrays in clinical studies requires further optimisation and standardisation of methodology and reporting, together with improvements in clinical study design.
This standardisation of methodology overcomes the issues of inconsistency across physical activity studies which we identified in our previous systematic review [ 7], thereby allowing for better comparison and pooling of data with other studies.
One of the strengths of the present study, however, was the strict standardisation of methodology used to measure physical activity, and the fact that all women were compliant with the measurements procedures.
This in itself may present problems; having to rely on a single type of media to support cell types that may have quite different media requirements is challenging and emphasises the need for correct controls and robust standardisation of methodology.
Moreover, standardisation of MRI methodologies, which would be essential for the reproducible assessment of MRI findings of CJD cases, has not been achieved in previous studies.
During standardisation of this methodology (qPCR-PMA) different concentrations of PMA (50, 100 and 200 μM), incubation times in the dark (5, 10, 15 and 30 min) and light exposure times (5, 10 and 30 min) were tested.
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