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Interoperability requires standardisation around: transmission of data; identification policies; information structures; common terminology; common understanding; and behavioural agreement.
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The other regret with covered pitches is that they have led to a standardisation of conditions around the world.
Those who did report using them cited nine different ones raising issues around standardisation.
Whatever the test used, results from the Supranational Reference Laboratory Network have clearly shown that, while DST for rifampicin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolones and second-line injectables is reliable in solid- and liquid-media systems, there is more controversy around the standardisation of DST for other drugs (ethambutol, pyrazinamide and other SLDs) [ 91– 91].
The Oxford team, led by Zondervan and consultant gynaecologist Prof Christian Becker, have been involved in putting together a global standardisation initiative, to ensure researchers around the world now collect compatible data.
Most important, especially for clinical trials, this maximizes the standardisation of such functional assays around the human immune system.
The cost of MPA itself was relatively low (around £5) and, owing to the standardisation of vial capacity, did not vary by the size of dose used.
The procedures for item recoding, summing the responses for each of the variables that make up the scale, transforming the scales into scores ranging from 0 to 100, and standardisation and normalisation, in which average values vary around value 50 with a dispersion factor of 10, followed the recommendations of the SF-36 developers for calculating the domains [ 17].
Policies around quality assurance were integral in ensuring standardisation of content and approach.
Standardisation – we dissected every step of our business and standardised it.
We have suggested that one approach to get around the problem of empty casemix combinations in conventional direct casemix standardisation might be to re-calculate the weights actually used in each centre so that they always sum to one.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com