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The optimised UVP system was evaluated and compared to standard transducers in three different straight pipes (inner diameters of 16, 22.5 and 52.8 mm).
Abdominal US examination was performed after overnight fasting by an experienced sonographer (five or more years of experience) using commercially available scanners SSD-20000, ALOKA, Tokyo, Japan) with standard transducers (3.5 MHz curvilinear array prove).
Routine monitoring (Philips IntelliVue™ Monitoring; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) during the perioperative period included pulse oxymetry, five-lead electrocardiography, and invasive blood pressure measurement (via a peripheral radial arterial) and central venous pressure (assessed using standard transducers; Truewave™ PX, Edwards Lifesciences).
Routine monitoring (Philips IntelliVue™ Monitoring; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA) during the entire perioperative period included pulse oxymetry, five-lead ECG, invasive blood pressure measurement via a peripheral radial arterial and central venous pressure (CVP) assessed by standard transducers (Truewave™ PX; Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA).
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For this, a 12F Foley catheter was placed in the urinary bladder via a caudal midline laparotomy and attached to a standard transducer system (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL).
However, given that the typical acquisition costs are only marginally above standard transducer systems (approximately 15 Euros for a 72-hour system) and given that blood in Europe is typically approximately 150 Euros per unit, at worst their introduction is likely to be cost neutral.
Comprehensive two-dimensional echocardiography was performed in all patients within 120 minutes before right heart catheterization using a Phillips iE33 ultrasound device equipped with a standard transducer operating at 1 5 MHz without using saline contrast.
The standard transducer frequency is set at 7.5 MHz.
The catheter was connected through a non-compressible tubing system to a standard transducer.
The two-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained in the parasternal long- and short-axis views and apical two- and four-chamber views using standard transducer positions.
We therefore designed, taught and assessed a sampling technique that could be performed without modification of the standard transducer connection, in which any blood returned was always contained within the closed sterile environment of the transducer tubing.
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