Government records, including intelligence reports like the one submitted in the Latif case, she said, are entitled not only to the standard "presumption of authenticity" – that the report is what the government says it is – but additionally to a presumption of reliability – that its assertions are accurate, unless the detainee can somehow refute them.
The simplest challenge notes that Leibniz equivalence is a standard presumption in the modern mathematical physics literature and suggests that even entertaining its denial (as manifold substantivalists must) is some kind of mathematical blunder unworthy of serious attention.
This approach is included, as a normative annex, in the Harmonized Standard EN 13445, and therefore conformity of a design to the requirements of this approach as specified in the standard implies presumption of conformity to the relevant essential safety requirements of Annex I of the Pressure Equipment Directive.
Meanwhile, low standards, the presumption of entitlement, and the desire to impress supervisors, upper management, and venture capital induce the filing of tens of thousands of patents each of which may have dozens of claims.
Should the Court reconsider the standard that the presumption that an officer acted reasonably by obtaining a warrant can be rebutted by showing that the warrant was "so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence unreasonable"?
These rules would not be "some inflexible prescription" but standards, guidelines, pointers or presumptions, he wrote.
It adds: "Publication and genuine transparency is the standard: there is a presumption in favour of publication".
The thing is, this determination starts from the presumption that standard microeconomics, which assumes such perfect rationality, is actually right.
By design, the cause-and-prejudice standard creates a nearirrebuttable presumption that omitted claims are permanently barred.
Defendants have all the protections of a trial — the high standard of proof, the presumption of innocence, the evidentiary rules designed to protect them.
Why wouldn't you want to avoid the tiresome insistence on burdens of proof, standards of evidence, and presumptions of innocence?
