"Japanese psychology," wrote Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan at the outset of World War II, is "fundamentally unlike that of any Western nation". The Japanese mentality "cannot be measured by our own standards of logic," he added.
What is clear, without analyzing his arithmetic, is that snark is an expression of contempt that is contemptuous not only of its target but of standards of logic, evidence, and decency.
The authors present an unusually lucid treatment of important innovations in the field of natural semantics, contending that the standard view of logic (as derived from Frege, Russell, and work in mathematics and logic) is inappropriate for many of the uses to which it has been put by scholars.
One can show fairly easily, for any of the standard languages of logic, that Tarski's definition of satisfaction is in fact fully abstract.
In this process we start with an expression that has the same order of expressions as the original English sentence and then reduce it to a very standard formula of logic.
This is especially true for the notions of set and collection in general, for the basic syntactical and semantical concepts of standard classical logic (logical languages of a given order, the notion of satisfiability, definability).
In recent years this assessment has been criticized as the result of evaluating performances in tests against the standard of classical logic whereas other standards based on probabilistic considerations or on NMLs have been argued to be more appropriate.
The first test of a foreign policy's coherence is whether its actions and declarations meet the standard of elementary logic.
With no expert referee to make the call, all I could do was revert back to the less-reliable standard of simple logic.
