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"Pre-emptive" military strikes must meet a high standard of justification: the attack being pre-empted must be imminent, not merely conjectured or probable in the long run.
This procedural approach to moral legitimation sees the autonomy of the individual as the standard of justification for universal rules, norms, rights etc.
cit., 32n), and worried about the conservatism implicit in taking 'the social practices of [each person's] society to provide the standard of justification for his actions' (32).
In contrast, the thought behind the idea of indirect discrimination is that, if an act has a disproportionately disadvantageous impact on persons belonging to certain types of salient social groups, then the act is morally wrong and legally prohibited if it cannot meet some suitable standard of justification.
This is a very low standard of justification.
The Supreme Court has long held that laws discriminating against individuals on the basis of certain "suspect" criteria are especially problematic and are therefore unconstitutional unless they satisfy a more demanding standard of justification.
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Without clear standards of justification, Western approval for Kosovo's statehood could make it even harder to persuade the recalcitrant Sudanese government to allow joint U.N.-African U.N.-African Union to depeacekeepersvely in Darfur, lestoa protectedeployur oneffectivelyinDarfurence, too.
Rather we assume that logic and physics provide their own sui generis standards of justification.
Descartes is a contextualist in the sense that he allows that different standards of justification are appropriate to different contexts.
Adopting insights from contextualist theories of epistemic justification, Amaya argues in favour of context-sensitive standards of justification for legal fact-finding.
Many readers conclude that Descartes' standards of justification are too high, for they have the consequence that almost nothing we ordinarily count as knowledge measures up.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com