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Second, where a statute imposes criminal penalties, the standard of certainty is higher.
For obvious reasons, the standard of certainty required in criminal statutes is more exacting than in noncriminal statutes.
In dismissing Mr. Figueroa's case, Judge Dear wrote that the police should be required to adhere to a higher standard of certainty that the drink's alcohol content exceeded 0.5 percent, the threshold under the city's open-container law, before issuing a court summons.
Machamer and McGuire (2006) believe that Descartes expected natural philosophy to meet the standard of absolute certainty through the time of the Meditations, and that he in effect admitted defeat on that score in the final articles of the Principles, adopting a lower standard of certainty for his particular hypotheses (such as the explanation of magnetism by corkscrew-shaped particles).
But more than that, Descartes had pioneered the skeptical philosophical project, showing the world the nature and standard of certainty that would have to pertain to any claim that could even be said to constitute "knowledge" at all.
Extensive experimentation based on affinity reagents and/or mass spectrometry will be required to establish the protein or peptide biomarkers of blood with the acceptable standard of certainty provided by three independent biophysical or biochemical methods in agreement.
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In this analysis, we will make use of the standard concepts of certainty equivalent and Arrow-Pratt approximation of the risk premium.
Table 2 shows means and standard deviations of certainty rating scores pre- and post-test for control group and intervention group.
The review process should be designed to achieve a standard of "reasonable certainty of no harm".
But taking out the Pakistani Taliban leader, Mr. Panetta warned, did not meet Mr. Obama's standard of "near certainty" of no innocents being killed.
GRAS ingredients are supposed to meet the same safety standard as food additives that undergo a full FDA review — a standard of "reasonable certainty" that no harm will result from consuming them. .
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com