To analyze the data from CRTs, an exchangeable correlation matrix is usually specified to account for potential within-cluster homogeneity in outcomes, and the robust standard error method is used to obtain the improved standard error for estimation of βmarginal.
Despite the euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp being the gold standard technique for estimation of IR [ 33], we used simple methods that have shown a good correlation with the gold standard method (HOMA-IR, QUICKI and MATSUDA) [ 28, 34].
As guidelines, with 90% conversion to MX, K can be estimated within 5% over the range 10 to 108 M−1 when qtot/σq ≈ 700, where σq is the standard deviation for estimation of q.
Limma analysis applies linear models to each gene and an empirical Bayesian method to moderate standard errors for estimation of fold changes.
One method of density estimation, the interactive thresholding technique known as CUMULUS developed in Toronto [ 45], determines the area of dense and non-dense tissue, unlike visual techniques outlined above, and is widely regarded as a gold standard method for estimation of density.
Limitations: No reference standard for weight estimation included.
Optimization of the l p is achieved by a Newton method which shares several features with a penalized iteratively re-weighted least squares scheme standard for GLM estimation.
Despite this, many authors still regard the EPLS formula as the "gold standard" for weight estimation and age-formulas are still taught on advanced life support courses [42, 43].
