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Another example lies in calculating a particular statistics (e.g. mean and standard deviation) exactly and only when a condition becomes verified (we make use of the variance bars to highlight the stochastic difference among all the simulated traces, see fig. 8).
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Also, the standard deviation was almost exactly the same, pointing out the systematic effect.
A Z score of 0 has the same raw value as the mean, and Z scores of 1.0 and −1.0 are exactly one standard deviation above and below the mean, respectively.
The mean FSIQ in the study group was 85.3 (SD ± 14.3, range 45 121), i.e., almost exactly one standard deviation below the population mean.
We find that our LPFS method tends to reveal a small set of metabolites with small standard deviation and large shifts, which exactly serves our requirement for good biomarker.
The selected 4 metabolites are listed in Table 1 and scatter plotted in Figure 5e. Figure 5e also shows that our LPFS method tends to reveal the metabolites with small standard deviation and large shifts, which exactly serves our requirement for good biomarker.
In cases where all predicted free energies of the folding sequences were exactly identical the standard deviation could be 0, making the Z-score undefined.
Over 2000-2005 the average growth rate was 2.2%—exactly the global average but the standard deviation among African countries was 6.1%—much higher than the global variance.
The absolute value of the deviation from exactly 1 hour between measurements was calculated and analyzed by mean, standard deviation and 95% confidence limits of agreement.
No standard deviation here.
What does standard deviation even mean?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com