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The patch is modeled by a Gaussian with standard deviation equals to 1. c Correlation between the intense flux patch in a and its root rotated by α.
The next two rows (in panel C), respectively, present the point estimate of the relative standard deviation of the unobservables for applicants with typical native Swedish and Middle Eastern sounding names and the resulting p-value from testing the hypothesis that the relative standard deviation equals one.
To simulate the inaccuracies of the distance estimations, usually obtained by RSSI, time of arrival (TOA) and time difference of arrival (TDoA) [8, 9], each range sample is disturbed by a zero-mean Gaussian variable with standard deviation equals to 5%% of the distance.
For all parameters, standard deviation equals the value of the parameter.
Due to this, and because there were only six patients in this group, the standard deviation equals zero.
For the HYPERDIP data set, the mean (over all gene pairs) value of ρ(U, V) is 0.904 and the corresponding standard deviation equals 2.34 × 10-5.
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Note that the variables are expressed in standardized form with mean zero and standard deviation equal to one (Anselin 1999, p. 261).
aIndices generated from standardized (mean equal to zero and standard deviation equal to one) values of individual items all scored in the positive direction.
Values were standardized (with mean equal to 50 and standard deviation equal to 10) to adjust for unequal measure units.
When these midparental values are phenotypically expressed, environmental variance is added in the form of a normally distributed random deviate with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation equal to a fraction k of the midparental value.
Additive Gaussian noise with standard deviation equal to 10 and Uniform noise with standard deviation equal to 20 degraded the video sequences.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com