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Items were excluded from further analysis if the difference in the value of the item difficulty parameters was more than half of the value of the standard deviance of the underlying distribution of ability parameters.
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Thus we assumed lower functional status and higher standard deviance.
Data were analyzed by the Microsoft Excel program, using the average and the standard deviance functions.
(DOC 44 kb) Additional file 7: Summary of random effect variances and standard deviances.
Mean response latencies (M) and standard deviances (SD) for the color and object identification of schematic spiders and flowers for each group.
In addition to this optimal model, we also considered a parsimonious LASSO model with a higher penalty parameter (hereafter called LASSO-se) so that the mean deviance of the model was within one standard error of the LASSO-max average deviance [ 28, 32].
First, the deviance of multilevel analyses is significantly lower than that of standard linear regression analyses for each beneficiary group (p < 0.001).
The three model specifications were tested for over-fitting using standard goodness-of-fit criteria such as the deviance and the AIC (Akaike information criteria).
In order to adjust for over-dispersion, we adjusted all standard errors and test statistics by a scale parameter equal to the square root of the observed deviance of the model divided by its degrees of freedom [ 16].
We follow the standard approach to determine the optimal regularization parameter κ∗: for each κ, we perform ten-fold cross validation using the deviance of the model as the error criterion and choose κ∗ based on the 1SE rule [ 26]: We select the largest κ (hence the simplest model) that in terms of its deviance is still within one standard error of the best κ.
The overdispersion parameter (c-hat) was calculated as the ratio between the mean deviance of simulated models and the deviance of the observed model [18].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com