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Some mouse embryos heterozygous for a Bmp4 loss-of-function mutation display defects in ureteric stalk elongation [21].
Sugarcane eye spot [Bipolaris sacchari (Butler) Shoemaker] disease was surveyed at the late stage of stalk elongation.
This suggests that newly-synthesized Pal is added predominantly where new peptidoglycan is incorporated; the stalk is made of old peptidoglycan, with stalk elongation proceeding from the cell body [43], [44].
EGF induced lobule formation whereas FGF-7 induced stalk elongation morphogenesis [ 54].
Therefore, Caulobacter may use stalk elongation to gain a nutrient scavenging advantage (Fig. 2E).
While this phenomenon has been observed for nearly 45 y, the physiological role of stalk elongation has remained elusive.
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Whereas the formation of multicellular tubes depends on stalk cell elongation, which allows extensive 'cell pairing', in the absence of this pairing a unicellular tube can be formed via transcellular lumen formation.
Stage I: appearance of the radicle; Stage II: appearance of the primary root, side roots and stalk; Stage III: elongation of the primary root, side roots and stalk; Stage IV: elongation of the primary root, side roots and growth of the first two branches.
In G. nantoensis, the rapid elongation of stalk triggered by pollination was helpful for the wind dispersal of seeds to long distance.
Model inputs are coordinates of an initial 3D vascular network, local VEGF concentrations, binary values for five parameters (proliferation of tip cells, proliferation of stalk cells, tip migration, elongation, Dll4 presence), and initial values of variables.
Vessel sprouting involves the specification of tip and stalk cells and the subsequent elongation of the stalk.
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