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Furthermore, once a stagnation event ends and winds resume, large concentrations of urban O3 and precursor pollutants can be transported into surrounding rural areas hundreds of miles downwind.
In 2003 a summer stagnation event in Western Europe resulted in intense heat, elevated O3 levels, and drought-related forest fires that would ultimately cause an estimated 15,000 excess deaths in France alone.
Winds die down, and hot city air is trapped under a dome of high pressure (or "heat dome"), concentrating pollutants near the ground in what's called a stagnation event.
An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere provides just a little extra heat to a stagnation event, says Kevin E. Trenberth, a senior scientist with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.
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Higher surface temperatures combined with natural stagnation events can intensify evaporation from soils and evapotranspiration from plants.
Air mass stagnation events, which increase O3 production and will increase in frequency as weather conditions favorable to heat waves increase (CCSP 2008), are another important indicator.
We recommend that GHGE and air mass stagnation events be tracked as indicators of air quality changes associated with climate variability.
Data for some of these indicators are strong and/or expected to improve soon, as in the case of greenhouse gases, temperature, air mass stagnation events, and drought.
GHGEs (CO2) by economic sector are easily obtainable by state from the U.S. EPA (2009), and air mass stagnation events are available by request from the NCDC (2009).
Further evaluation, validation, and research are needed to determine the health effects of proposed indicators such as air mass stagnation events and HABs.
Increased temperatures, combined with primary emissions, sunlight, and air mass stagnation events, are expected to result in increased production of ozone (O3) (Ebi et al. 2008; Leung and Gustafson 2005); projections for particulate matter are less consistent.
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