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Dynamic force equilibrium is successfully achieved for the initial stages of fracture propagation till complete failure of sample.
Two different fracture mechanisms are responsible for load-jump at different stages of fracture.
In agreement with those normal stages of fracture healing, the present result showed the callus formation at the fracture site was observed after the first three weeks, followed by gradual increase in bone mineralization and ultimately the complete bone union and stabilization at week six post fracture.
Generally speaking, Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the Junggar Basin experienced no less than two stages of large-scale secondary dissolution, 2 3 stages of hydrocarbon-filling events, three stages of fracture formation, one stage of siliceous cementation, two stages of carbonate cementation, two stages of chlorite cementation and three stages of anhydrite/gypsum cementation (Fig. 5b).
Therefore, a pilot study in sheep was performed in which the fracture haematoma associated with a tibial osteotomy was removed after 4 or 7 days, respectively, to observe the hypothesized negative effect on the early stages of fracture healing (Lienau et al. 2009; Lienau et al. 2010).
Regulatory interactions between bone and cartilage also take place during the early stages of fracture healing [5].
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Three stages of fracturing are proposed: pre-folding, early-folding and post-folding fractures.
The results reveal stages of fracturing, fracture length, horizontal section length and permeability as primary parameters, and formation pressure, porosity, fracture width and in-situ oil viscosity as secondary parameters.
2) The existence of stress field interference in different stages of fracturing operations leads to the change in the magnitude and direction of stress field after each staged fracturing.
Meanwhile, previous stages of hydraulic fracturing would affect later stages of fracturing (Xu 2009; Wei et al. 2011; Chuprakov et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2014b).
With an increase in the fracture spacing in two stages of fracturing, the stress difference decreases gradually.
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