At the end of the second stage of cooperation, node U i has transmitted n+1 copies of its own packets over the uplink channel.
UMA (West African Economic and Monetary Union), CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel- Saharan States) and IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) are still in the stage of cooperation amongst their Member States.
During the second stage of cooperation, each node acts as a relay and re-encodes and forwards the M−n−1 packets to the destination.
n denotes the number of packets copies that the destination receives directly from node U i in the second stage of cooperation.
In this case, all packets are re-sent directly from the initial node U i in the second stage of cooperation.
Similar to (2), S c, the subset of S i, denotes the number of packet copies that node U i re-sends in the second stage of cooperation, and (left | {{S_{c}}} right | ) is the cardinality of the set with different combinations of n elements.
The overall OP for a network of M nodes without link blockage can be obtained by averaging (13) over the number of packets received by the destination directly from node U i in the second stage of cooperation as {P_{O}}left({{gamma_{0}}} right) = sumlimits_{n = 0}^{M - 1} {Pr left(n right){P_{O}}left({{gamma_{0}}|M,n} right)}.
Russia has been careful to offer warm words of encouragement, with President Vladimir Putin noting that he had "no doubt that we will work together … [to] benefit both the Chinese and the Russian peoples," welcoming "a new stage of cooperation in Eurasia". .
It is found that in discussing which driving force is more important in the local cooperation programme, the conclusion varies in different stages of the cooperation process.
Several stages of TrpA/TrpB cooperation were identified and trpB variants were characterised.
