where f l ′ q n and b l ′ q n denote the l′th stage forward and backward prediction errors of the all-pole lattice filter, respectively.
where f l r n and b l r n denote the l th stage forward and backward prediction errors, respectively, and κ l (n) is the reflection coefficient of the l th stage.
where f m (n) and b m (n) denote the M th stage forward and backward prediction errors at time n, respectively, and κ m (n) is the reflection coefficient.
where ξ l n = β ξ l n - 1 + 1 - β b l r 2 n - 1 + f l r 2 n, 0 < β < 1 (8). is an estimate of the power of both the l th stage forward and the delayed backward prediction errors of the all-zero lattice filter, and β denotes the smoothing factor.
where μ is the step-size parameter and ξ m n = E b m 2 n − 1 + f m 2 n is the power of both the m th stage forward and delayed backward prediction errors, which can also be recursively estimated.
The operation of the network consists of two stages: forward pass and backward pass or back-propagation.
21 This process involved four main stages: forward translation; expert back translation; review and resolution of any discrepancies; and pretesting with five participants each, in Portugal as well as in Iran.
The cross-cultural adaptation consisted of five stages (forward translation of the MUEQ to Brazilian Portuguese, synthesis of the translation, back-translation, expert committee meeting, and the pre-final-version test).
During the translation stages 1 (forward) and 3 (backward) three different German and English versions were produced.
He salutes the audience and then steps down from the stage, walks forward and shakes hands, very formally, with a man in a dinner jacket in one of the front rows, Noël Coward.
