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However, no cost occurs according to first stage variable x.
In Eq. (18), x and c T shows the optimal spare vehicles in the buffer of SAA problem, i.e., first stage variable, and the cost occurred due to first stage variable x, respectively.
The optimal solution and the first stage variable of the SAA problem are presented by (z_{N}) and (widehat{x}).
The optimal solution and the first stage variable of the true problem are presented by (z^) and (x^) respectively.
First stage variable (Y_{i}): Binary integer variables, (Y_{i} = 1) if supplier i was selected, 0 otherwise.
Step (3) Fix the first stage variable that achieves maximum solution, (widehat{x}^) as a first stage decision variable and increase the sample size from N to N'.
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Generally, the master problem involves the first stage decision variables and slave problem contains second stage variables with considering fixed values for first stage variables.
The second stage variables are the quantity ordered each period and inventory level.
At the investment stage, variables for investment decision mainly include 0 1 variables (e.g. line upgrade or not [38]), and integer variables such as the number of DG units are equipped [10, 40].
A two-stage decomposition based solution strategy is used to solve the optimization problem with genetic algorithm performing the search on the first stage variables and a Monte Carlo method dealing with uncertainty in the second stage.
For the results to be dependable, selection of reference genes that express consistently across the tissue, genotype and developmental stage variables is critical (Wong and Medrano 2005; Guénin et al. 2009).
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