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This idea was supported by the identification of genes classified into different categories at the late stage of waterlogging.
Previous studies have mostly focused on revealing the mechanism of the response at the early stage, and there is limited information about the transcriptional profile of genes in maize roots at the late stage of waterlogging.
Previous studies suggested that hemoglobin was up-regulated under hypoxia in barley, maize roots, and embryos [ 54] and has an important role in survival at the late stage of waterlogging.
Several genes encoding small signal molecules were up-regulated at the late stage of waterlogging stress.
At the late stage of waterlogging, amino acid metabolism plays an important role related to protein degradation and carbon metabolism.
In this study, the transcriptome at the late stage of waterlogging was assayed in root cells of the tolerant inbred line HZ32, using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH).
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As development of aerenchyma takes time, constitutive root aerenchyma would aid root aeration during the initial stages of waterlogging (Mano et al. 2006; Colmer and Voesenek 2009; Abiko et al. 2012).
Although almost half (49.3%) of the unigenes were clustered into "no significant homology" or "unclassified protein" categories, of the remainder, the main effects of waterlogging stress on cellular function at the late stage were signal transduction (11.8% of categorized genes), carbon metabolism (7.1% of categorized genes), and amino acid metabolism (6.4% of categorized genes).
The moors too, seem to ache with biological decay and thousands of years of waterlogging.
Areas exposed to both grazing and waterlogging generally showed the most pronounced change in composition, with effects of grazing seemingly additive, but secondary, to those of waterlogging.
The low TWHC of rice hull compost likely allowed good drainage, avoiding the risk of waterlogging.
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