This phenomenon is partly due to the bridging mechanism of fibers during the post-cracking stage of specimens (ACI Manual of Concrete Practice 1998).
Acoustic emission instrument and strain gauges were used to monitor the initial and final fracture loads during crack propagation stage of specimens.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Formwork and reinforcement Open image in new window Fig. 4 Casting stage of specimens Open image in new window Fig. 5 Specimens under wet curing.
We characterize the field along two orthogonal directions, and spatial characteristics of the field profile are made for both microscopes during all stages of specimen entry into the column.
However, during the initial stages of specimen discharge using the contact probe, a potential arrest was observed for fully charged and partially discharged samples and it was attributed to the time needed for the thickness of a PbSO4 film formed during discharge and the corresponding resistance under the probe's tip to reach a critical value for the discharge to spread to the rest of the sample.
Analyses of different developmental stages of specimens from five species, Paracentrotus lividus, Psammechinus miliaris, Echinometra viridis, Echinoneus cyclostomus and Arachnoides placenta reveal that the additional festoon as well as the gastric caecum are present already in juvenile specimens.
It was found that the principle stage of the specimen wear takes place during the first 200 240 s of sliding independently of the applied speed; obviously, after this stage the intensity of wear decreases drastically.
Since the occurrence of MLBs was independent from the developmental stage of a specimen and its overall tissue preservation, it can moreover be excluded that these MLBs merely represent fixation artifacts.
At least some of the inconsistency we find here between mass estimation techniques may therefore be due to the ontogenetic stage of the specimen.
This microanatomy and histology is unique among the sampled Nothosaurus long bones and is most consistent with an early juvenile stage of the specimen, before perimedullary resorption and calcification of cartilage set in.
