Apart from these three refined PPANs, the dynamic properties of another three residual networks of the late stages of immunity (3 to 4, 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 hours) are more like at steady state without significant perturbations (see Supplementary Figures [Additional file 5]).
Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) functions at the early stage of innate immunity (Schwessinger and Ronald 2012).
Compared to innate immunity, adaptive immunity is typically recognized as a late stage of immune response to infection activated by antigen presenting cells (APCs) [ 76].
Among the toxic sequences, p31 43 is the best known [ 5, 29], but several other peptides are able to act as inductors of this stage of the immunity in celiac mucosa [ 30].
These responses are consistent with tissue remodeling and the initial stages of cognate immunity.
In addition to a profound reduction of liver-stage parasitemia and prolonged liver-stage development, blood-stage immunity may have contributed to this delay.
Macrophages were used to represent the primary stage of cell-mediated innate immunity, and a commercial mouse macrophage cell line was selected to achieve stable growth characteristics.
Such observations again emphasized the crucial role of Treg in impairing anti-cancer immunity at various stages of the immune response.
The model is constructed as a multi-stage SIS model with different levels of immunity as a function of exposure, and is an extension of the previously proposed two-stage model [1].
