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During the second stage of cooperation, each node acts as a relay and re-encodes and forwards the M−n−1 packets to the destination.
At the end of the second stage of cooperation, node U i has transmitted n+1 copies of its own packets over the uplink channel.
n denotes the number of packets copies that the destination receives directly from node U i in the second stage of cooperation.
In this case, all packets are re-sent directly from the initial node U i in the second stage of cooperation.
UMA (West African Economic and Monetary Union), CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel- Saharan States) and IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) are still in the stage of cooperation amongst their Member States.
The overall OP for a network of M nodes without link blockage can be obtained by averaging (13) over the number of packets received by the destination directly from node U i in the second stage of cooperation as {P_{O}}left({{gamma_{0}}} right) = sumlimits_{n = 0}^{M - 1} {Pr left(n right){P_{O}}left({{gamma_{0}}|M,n} right)}.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com