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The Toronto Childhood Cancer Stage Guidelines, compiled through an international consensus process, were designed to provide a standard framework for collection of information on stage at diagnosis of childhood cancers.
The clinical stage of the HIV-infected patient was assessed and recorded using the WHO clinical stage guidelines [ 16] based on load of clinical symptoms and infections reported by the health professionals at ART sites.
These include guidelines for when to start ART based on the patient's CD4 count or WHO stage, guidelines for monitoring ART as well as guidelines regarding which antiretrovirals (ARVs) should be administered within distinct first and second line regimens.
To detect EAC at an early, potentially curable stage, guidelines for gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) outline that patients with GERD might benefit from an early endoscopic evaluation for Barrett's oesophagus (BE), considering its conversion rate to EAC of 0.5 1% per year (Peitz and Malfertheiner, 2007; Thomas et al, 2007).
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The cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to the five stage guideline for this process in self-report measures [ 16].
EUS-guided FNA is currently advocated in lung cancer staging guidelines as an alternative for surgical staging to prove mediastinal metastases.
Endosonography has been incorporated into lung cancer staging guidelines as an alternative for the surgical staging of the mediastinum [10], [11].
They recorded the socio-demographic data (age, sex, marital status and occupation), and clinical factors used for the WHO HIV/AIDS staging guidelines.
These results are in agreement with a Tanzanian study that found that HIV associated mucocutaeous manifestations may improve the sensitivity of the WHO staging guidelines [19].
Our findings replicate the low sensitivities that have been previously found in studies of the WHO staging guidelines conducted in Africa [8], [14], [15].
The low sensitivities that were found show that about half of the participants would have missed ART initiation if the WHO clinical staging guidelines alone were used, which suggests significant diagnostic challenges to the WHO/HIV AIDS clinical staging guidelines which if used alone may impact morbidity and mortality [16], [17].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com