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The building described hereunder is an example of the importance of early stage cooperation between the architectural and structural engineering teams in establishing design guidelines that capitalise on the full potential of architectural forms to maximise structural effectiveness and minimise the impact on functionality.
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In industries such as telecommunications and semiconductors, patent races still play a minor role because innovation is more incremental, but shark attacks may help swing the pendulum further toward early-stage cooperation.
Under technological proximity, firms with two-stage cooperation have most incentive to invest in R&D without ambiguity.
The multi-stage cooperation mode will lead to a long delay time of the backup protection, easily resulting in commutation failure in power grid at receiving side, which is harmful to the security of AC/DC hybrid power grid.
It is different from the conventional wisdom that merged (two-stage cooperation) firms have more incentive to invest in R&D, because they appropriate all of the R&D efforts.
(ii) When firms adopt different technologies and produce differentiated goods (cf. Fig. 2, green area), the firms colluding in production will invest most in R&D. (iii) Under technological proximity, firms with two-stage cooperation have most incentive to invest in R&D without ambiguity. .
It marks that China's land reclamation career entered into a new stage with cooperation of institution, standardization and legalization.
UMA (West African Economic and Monetary Union), CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel- Saharan States) and IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority on Development) are still in the stage of cooperation amongst their Member States.
During the second stage of cooperation, each node acts as a relay and re-encodes and forwards the M−n−1 packets to the destination.
At the end of the second stage of cooperation, node U i has transmitted n+1 copies of its own packets over the uplink channel.
n denotes the number of packets copies that the destination receives directly from node U i in the second stage of cooperation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com