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Inconsistencies could also be related to generally higher exposure levels in animals, younger life stage at exposure, and congener-specific effects.
In particular, it has been suggested that the anti-estrogenic effects in the presence of estrogen and the estrogenic effects in its absence may alter the effects of TCDD depending on life stage at exposure [ 34].
Animal studies also have demonstrated that the timing of exposure can be critical, with effects being observed at lower dose levels when exposure occurs during earlier life stages; furthermore, the same compound seems to have the potential to modulate bone quality differently depending on the developmental stage at exposure (Jamsa et al. 2001; Miettinen et al. 2005).
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The severity of FASD depends on the level of alcohol exposure, the developmental stage at which exposure occurs and the nature of the exposure (chronic or acute), and although the most vulnerable period is during the first trimester, damage can occur throughout gestation.
Toxicologic effects on the developing nervous system depend on the delivered dose, exposure duration, and developmental stage at which exposure occurred.
These results indicate that the effects of ginkgotoxin are tissue-specific and dependent on the duration of exposure and the developmental stage at which exposure occurs.
We examined a subsample of animals to determine the developmental stage at which exposure began.
Rather than considering a chemical as having a single dose response curve for toxicity, chemicals appear to have different dose response curves depending on the life stage at which exposure occurs.
The relative percentages of cells in either stage was a function of drug concentration and cell cycle stage at time of exposure: typically, cells exposed during S phase became blocked in G2, whereas those exposed during G2/M progressed into greater than G2 polyploid stages.
The stage at which UV exposure was performed is indicated above each bar.
Along with life stage at time of exposure, the efficiency of iAs metabolism is a well-documented risk factor for the development of several iAs-associated diseases (reviewed by Tseng 2007a).
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