Electron micrographs of sperm head vacuoles showed nuclear indentations containing stacks of membranes, 4(d), and 4(f)).
In some photoreceptors, these vesicles entirely replace the membrane stacks of the outer segment (Fig. 6B, black and white bracket), but in most photoreceptors, they accumulate below short, partially disorganized stacks of membranes (Fig. 6C and E, black brackets).
Each photoreceptor cell, in turn, consists of the cell body and the rhabdomere, which is made up of toothbrush-like stacks of membrane called microvilli.
In professional secretory cells, the ER forms stacks of membrane cisternae (fluid sacs), apparently because this is an efficient way to pack a lot of ER membrane into a small volume inside the cell.
Structurally, the Golgi complex is localized in the perinuclear region of most mammalian cells and is characterized by stacks of membrane-bound cisternae, as well as by functionally distinct trans-Golgi and cis-Golgi networks [ 1].
The photoreceptor outer segment is a specialized primary cilium consisting of a microtubule-based axoneme and regular stacks of membrane folds or disks containing the photopigments (opsins) required for the phototransduction cascade (17, 19).
Two germanium crystals used as the internal reflection element for ATR-FTIR experiments were coated with a thin layer of polystyrene as insulator and used as electrodes to apply an electric field on an oriented stack of membranes made of dioleylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and melittin.
Practical consequences of these results are presented, e.g. constructing thicker membranes from stacks of thinner membranes will tend to reduce the effect of thickness and porosity variations, sharpen breakthrough curves, raise allowable flow velocities and increase loading capacities.
The thylakoid system in plant chloroplasts is organized into two distinct domains: grana arranged in stacks of appressed membranes and non-appressed membranes consisting of stroma thylakoids and margins of granal stacks.
The thylakoid system in plants is organized into two distinct domains: grana arranged in stacks of appressed membranes and non-appressed membranes consisting of stroma thylakoids and margins of granal stacks [ 1].
The protein molecules are organized in the crystal as a stack of membrane layers, typical for in meso crystallization (type I membrane protein crystals15), with interlayer contacts relying entirely on the IPCT cytoplasmic domain (Supplementary Fig. 1).
