The outer segments (OS) of human cone photoreceptors consist of a stack of membrane disks that contain the photo-pigments.
Electron micrographs of sperm head vacuoles showed nuclear indentations containing stacks of membranes, 4(d), and 4(f)).
In some photoreceptors, these vesicles entirely replace the membrane stacks of the outer segment (Fig. 6B, black and white bracket), but in most photoreceptors, they accumulate below short, partially disorganized stacks of membranes (Fig. 6C and E, black brackets).
Structurally, the Golgi complex is localized in the perinuclear region of most mammalian cells and is characterized by stacks of membrane-bound cisternae, as well as by functionally distinct trans-Golgi and cis-Golgi networks [ 1].
The photoreceptor outer segment is a specialized primary cilium consisting of a microtubule-based axoneme and regular stacks of membrane folds or disks containing the photopigments (opsins) required for the phototransduction cascade (17, 19).
Immunoblots of recombinant and cellular CENP-A from CA+/+, CAG/−, and CAY/− cells, after protein transfer onto a stack of three membranes.
In addition, we performed the experiment suggested by the reviewer, where we blot CENP-A onto a stack of three membranes.
Practical consequences of these results are presented, e.g. constructing thicker membranes from stacks of thinner membranes will tend to reduce the effect of thickness and porosity variations, sharpen breakthrough curves, raise allowable flow velocities and increase loading capacities.
Based on these experimental data, model calculations have shown that using an electrodialysis stack of 250 membrane compartments a complete separation (e.e.>99%) can be accomplished for this system.
The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-bound compartments known as cisternae 72.
