In 17 stack measurements, the coplanar PCBs contributed on average less than 3% to total TEQ with a maximum contribution of 7.5% to total TEQ in one measurement.
Volume of cells of both conditions was acquired by Z-stack measurements.
Results of 3-D z-stack measurements showed the average height was 53 ± 4.2 μm of good colonies and was 44 ± 13.9 μm of bad colonies.
Dust collectors are often installed without verifying the performance during commissioning with only stack emission measurements carried out.
Stacking the measurement vectors corresponding to all N antennas to form a tall vector, z = z 1 T z 2 T ⋯ z N − 1 T T, (10).
Experimental stack emissions measurements of NO/NO2, CO, and CO2 and flame temperature profiles utilizing a rake of thermocouples were obtained in globally lean, swirling, liquid atomized spray flames inside a refractory-lined combustion chamber as a function of the atomizing air flow rate and swirl number.
where (mathbf {y}_{t}in {mathbb {R}}^{M}) stacks the measurements from the M links at time t, whereas ({bf {e}}_{t}in {mathbb {R}}^{M}) does the same for the noise.
By stacking all measurements into a vector, the output of the array can be expressed as boldsymbol{y}_{k,m}=sum_{i=1}^{L}boldsymbol{a}_{k}(theta_{i})v_{k,i}(m) + boldsymbol{w}_{k,m} (1).
To explore temporal variability in dv/v, we stacked dt measurements from the 12 channel pairs and obtained dv/v with an assumption of a homogeneous velocity change, dv/v = −dt/t (Brenguier et al. 2008b; Wegler et al. 2009).
By stacking the measurements in a column vector y, and similarly for the noise e, the target positions X, the sensor node positions P and parameters θ, the total model can thus be expressed as a linear regression y = Φ T ( X, P ) θ + e. (5a).
For each individual seedling, Casparian strips were imaged by confocal microscopy by doing one z-stack and measurements were done using ImageJ.
