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Sign languages, like spoken ones, have established systems for combining stable words or signs into meaningful sentences.
There was no difference in response times for shift and stable words within the oral reading passage even though participants were more accurate on stable words in both the passage and the naming task.
The researchers compiled a list of phonological shift words (e.g., majority) and stable words (e.g., maturity), which controlled for spelling, word length, base frequency, and derived-word frequency.
Our finding that there were no differences in response times between phonological shift and stable words deviated from Carlisle and Stone's (2005) results.
There was a significant interaction between morphological complexity and task type for phonological shift versus stable words, F (1, 51) = 75.36, p <.001.
The shift and stable words were the most difficult words within the tasks; therefore, many of the adults who struggled with these words were eliminated from the response time data because they did not produce any correct words.
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(See Additional File 1 for descriptions and illustrative quotations of other stable word pairs).
As with all the stable word pairs, participants consistently agreed that the terms represented opposite ends of the same domain of experience.
Participants consistently said that these stable word pairs represented opposite ends of the same domain of experience and the meanings of these terms were stable across the participant pool.
We illustrate this category by providing an exemplar stable word pair (hopeless/hopeful), with a summary description and quotations illustrating how cognitive interview participants used each of the terms.
Perhaps "hybrid" is too stable a word.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com