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By contrast we prove that for positive grain boundary energy a stable grain size can be attained in the case of negative adsorption.
It is shown that through solute segregation, the grain boundary energies of some binary systems can be reduced, resulting in thermodynamically stable grain structures and successful prediction of solutes that inhibit grain growth in some nanocrystalline alloys.
In a reply to our original paper, Kirchheim criticized what we considered the conditions for a stable grain size, suggesting that our conclusions are only correct for 'open' systems.
Wet incorporation was more complete and uniform than dry mixing, the process "froze" the components permanently into a stable grain matrix so that separation was no longer a problem, and wet slurry could be ground in large quantities by water-driven mills with little danger of explosion.
Al alloys with additions of Sc and/or Zr exhibit a reasonably stable grain structure due to a uniform distribution of coherent Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates that forms at temperatures >300°CC.
This is not a sustainable approach for a country that aims to maintain a stable grain supply in the long term.
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In comparison with the conventional grinding wheels (GWs), GWs with defined grain distributions (or engineered GWs) have been widely explored and studied due to the stable grain-workpiece interactions.
The optimum design allows for thermally stable grains with grain diameters in the order of 3.3 nm, which supports ultra-high density up to 5 10 Tbit/in2.
"In the past there has been lots of invest in the stable grains like maize and corn, but now we really need to move it to the crops we need more of.
Moreover, at temperatures below 1100 °C, nano-TiN consolidated via MWS exhibited stable grains with sizes ~28 ± 4 nm contrary to PS45 (Fig. 3).
A cultivar, BR3, adapted for the boro rice season was identified as showing a stable low grain As by two papers, independently (Norton et al.2009b; Ahmed et al.2011); the ratios of grain As concentrations of BR3 to that of Nipponbare were 0.58 and 0.66 when their cultivars were grown on two sites in Bangladesh (Norton et al.2009b).2009b
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