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These epigenetic changes in turn affect the stable differentiation ability of ESCs in vitro (Pucci et al., 2013).
Understanding the input of mechanical signals in the stable differentiation of skeletal tissues is of particular importance in attempts to regenerate tissue for replacement therapies including therapies for patients with articular cartilage defects such as arthritis.
Additionally, 15.1±0.60% and 13.3±1.65% cells were positive for Recoverin (a conventional marker for both rod, cone photoreceptors and cone bipolar cells) in K21- and K11-iPS cells, respectively (data from three selected lines), consistent with stable differentiation.
Thus, DNA hypomethylation in Tert−/−S ESCs arose in response to critically short telomeres and impeded their stable differentiation.
Rescue of stable differentiation was achieved by restoration of Dnmt3b or inhibition of Nanog resulting inreversed global DNA hypomethylation and normal repression of Nanog by de novo methylation.
When mouse teratocarcinoma cells were transplanted to normal mouse embryo, they had stable differentiation and were incorporated into the tissue [ 26].
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An additional equilibrating process of boundary data further guarantees stable numerical differentiation.
We observe that although self-associating chromatin domains are stable during differentiation, chromatin interactions both within and between domains change in a striking manner, altering 36% of active and inactive chromosomal compartments throughout the genome.
To recapitulate stable cartilage differentiation, the process needs to be better understood.
Although the AK2 transcript number was lower in cardiomyocytes (0.63) than stem cells (1.04), AK2 protein levels were stable during differentiation (1.11 vs. 1.25; Fig. 1D).
Expanded GAA repeats, which were very unstable in iPSCs, became much more stable upon differentiation.
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