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As a consequence, population genetic models of TE evolution have usually considered how transposition and excision rate, selection, and drift may interact to determine whether the stable copy number of TEs in a population will be relatively high or low (Ågren and Wright 2015).
More recent studies have revealed that the viral episomes maintain a stable copy number through a mechanism involving sister chromatid cohesion and anaphase segregation, similar to cellular chromosomes [63], [64].
This study indicates that nucleomorphs contain stable copy numbers of three chromosomes.
This means that the evolutionary history of TEs can be explained without necessarily involving long-term, stable copy number equilibrium.
Chromosome 3 consistently showed stable copy number in HCC [ 19, 20, 22] and thus microsatellite D3S1609 was used as a reference locus.
Compared with the previous system we used, this has higher sensitivity to detect residual enzymatic activity, the plasmid has a stable copy number, and expression is not driven by galactose, therefore it is ideal for studying genotype phenotype correlations.
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Further functional studies are needed to fully explain the biological importance of the complex evolutionary patterns observed for SSB1/SSB2 gene duplicates In the 53 Ascomycota genomes surveyed, we identified only 54 copies of KAR orthologs, indicating stable gene copy number in the KAR subfamily (fig. 1; supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online).
Four Pseudomonad species were engineered to carry a stable chromosomal copy of the lux operon (luxCDABE) derived from Photorhabdus luminescens.
Null mutants of candidate essential genes of Clostridium difficile were viable only in the presence of a stable second copy of the gene.
Recent progress in increasing intracellular supplies of polyketide building blocks combined with the development of stable high copy number vectors has led to substantial increases in S. coelicolor polyketide titers.
The KDM1 genes have been maintained with a stable low copy number in most organisms except for a few duplication events in flowering plants.
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