Superconducting Cavity Stabilized Oscillators, SCSO, have produced the most stable clocks to date, achieving an Allen variance of 3×10−16 for integration times between 102 and 103 seconds.
The results show that for satellites equipped with highly stable clocks, employing an appropriate linear model constraint for the clock estimates in orbit determination can result in an improved orbit consistency as well as accuracy.
The T2L2 (Time Transfer by Laser Link) project, developed by CNES and OCA will permit the synchronization of remote ultra stable clocks and the determination of their performances over intercontinental distances.
A discussion is given of fundamental experiments that require highly stable clocks, such as long-base-line radio astronomy, precise measurement of pulsar frequencies and stabilities, tests of relativity theories, and accurate navigation both on the earth and in outer space.
Therefore, correlated response in fitness traits to selection for clock precision is likely to suggest the existence of pleiotropic effects of genes influencing both traits (Reznick, 1985), and negative correlations would indicate the cost of possessing stable clocks on fitness (Roff, 1996).
In describing the validation of time synchronizations, the paper opens a way for monitoring the time difference between ultra-stable clocks thanks to a laser link at a few ps level for Common View passes.
To obtain stable local clock estimations, only two local clocks were specified in each run (see Figure 2B) and the remaining species had rate r0 = 1.
If, in contrast, the internal oscillator of the receiver is replaced by a stable atomic clock one can try to model the receiver clock offset, instead of estimating it on an epoch-by-epoch basis.
This phase stabilization locks the absolute frequencies emitted by the laser, which we used to perform absolute optical frequency measurements that were directly referenced to a stable microwave clock.
