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Here we suggest, and provide evidence for, parasitism being an external force that has the potential to help stabilize cooperation by aligning the selfish interests of cooperative partners in opposition to a common enemy.
We suggest focusing on altruism and cooperation while also emphasizing the feelings of justice, punishment and guilt that may have evolved in order to stabilize cooperation (Trivers 1971).
However, in iterated PD games strategies involving reciprocity or reputation can help stabilize cooperation [ 5, 6].
Can this new element of the model stabilize cooperation and the signaling system necessary for image-tracking?
Similarly, gossip about whether an individual punishes non-contributors is predicted to help to enforce social norms and to stabilize cooperation.
20> All three variations of exogenous payoffs for signaling can stabilize cooperation by indirect reciprocity and plausibly allow an image-tracking signaling system to coevolve with cooperation.
Similar(48)
It promotes cooperation substantially as the mean is smaller (p<0.5), it stabilizes cooperation at a stable state as the mean is in the middle range, and it undermines cooperation while p is larger (p>0.8).
But the defection itself stabilizes cooperation, a result similar to that of Dahanukar and Watve [ 52] who showed that in classical PD, refinement of defection strategies stabilizes cooperation.
9 Many models have been provided which show the success of standing strategies in stabilizing cooperation.
Additionally, it is important to be clear that parasitism need not be a mutually exclusive factor stabilizing cooperation.
Using the classic Prisoner's Dilemma model (PD) [ 34], we further explore our empirical results that indicate parasites can play a role in stabilizing cooperation.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com