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Mutagenesis of key residues in the active site of the enzyme may provide an effective strategy for enhancing stability and altering substrate specificity.
Once therapeutic antibodies of low or no immunogenicity were available, the creativity then turned to engineering both the antigen-binding domains (e.g., affinity maturation, stability) and altering the effector functions (e.g. antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and clearance rate).
However, RhoE also binds ROCK-I directly, and is phosphorylated by the kinase on multiple sites within its N and C termini, increasing RhoE stability and altering its cellular localisation (Riento et al, 2005a).
Other examples include a Crohn's-disease-associated variant in the 3' untranslated region of IRGM that alters binding by the microRNA mir-196, enhancing mRNA transcript stability and altering the efficacy of autophagy, thus affecting the anti-bacterial activity of intestinal epithelial cells [ 28].
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Hence, limb malformation-causing p63 mutations, such as the K193E mutation, are likely to result in aberrant limb development via the combined action of altered protein stability and altered promoter occupancy.
Locked nucleic acids increase duplex stability and alter the melting transition enthalpy, entropy, and free energy.
In vitro, H4G4P had modest effects on nucleosome stability, dramatically reduced histone octamer stability, and altered nucleosome sliding ability.
Generally, global hypomethylation, as well as hypermethylation, have been associated with reduced chromosomal stability and altered genome function.
Proper maintenance of DNA methylation is important for maintaining genome stability, and altered DNA methylation has been well documented in cancer, immunological, cardiovascular, developmental, neurological and psychiatric disorder and aging [ 15- 17].
In particular, the G13C and A139T substitutions have the potential to affect protein stability and alter hemoglobin oxygen-affinity, and these substitutions are shared across all d/d founder strains.
The enhanced thermal stability and altered KD's of these newly prepared GRPs makes them especially suited for long-term continuous glucose sensing in a variety of platforms and devices as well as for transport and long-term storage.
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