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Voltage angle and the square of voltage magnitude are used as independent variables.
Equation (56) describes the connection between power, square of voltage, and square of current.
The limits of square of current, square of voltage, active power, and reactive power are respectively shown in (57)–(57).
The fitting results suggested that the leakage current at the lower voltage region showed a linear dependence on voltage, whereas at voltages higher than 0.7 V, the current exhibited a dependence on the square of voltage.
It is achieved by introducing an auxiliary state vector: {varvec{y}} = { U_{i},K_{ij},L_{ij} } (4 where ( varvec{y} in R^{N + 2b} ) is the auxiliary state vector; N the number of buses; b the number of branches; U i = v i 2 the square of voltage magnitude; and K ij = v i v j cos θ ij and L ij = v i v j sin θ ij the contribution of branch ij (from bus i to bus j) to y.
Gravity and the nature of the watt balance, which oscillates test masses up and down against the local gravitational acceleration g, are exploited so that mechanical power is compared against electrical power, which is the square of voltage divided by electrical resistance.
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This shows that the active component of PP is only linearly related to the square error of voltage amplitude between the terminal points if there is no power being sent.
Since power goes down by the square of the voltage, a thousand-fold reduction in voltage requirements translates into a million-fold reduction in power consumption, said Yablonovitch.
Voltage multiplication is quite useful for electrostatic MEMS operations because the movement is proportional to the square of the voltage across the MEMS capacitance.
The following parameters for each of the 3 filters (25, 40, and 80 to 250 Hz) were evaluated: filtered QRS duration, high-frequency low-amplitude signal duration in the terminal portion of the filtered QRS interval with a voltage amplitude <40 μV (or <20 μV for the 80- to 250-Hz filter), and the root mean square of the voltage in the last 40 ms of the filtered QRS interval.
For the REWOD process, the electrical energy produced per unit area of the composite liquid/thin-film-dielectric/solid interface is directly proportional to the interfacial electrical capacitance and to the square of the voltage applied across the interface.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com