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The scaling factor was found by the least square formula s c a l e = ∑ i = 1 N d i · s i σ i 2 ∑ i = 1 N s i 2 σ i 2, where d i, σ i; i = 1… N are experimental values and their SEMs; s i are model predictions for the respective time points.
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Yates's Correction When a small amount of data is available for testing, the chi-square formula is adjusted to account for the small sample base.
Squaring formula (29) gets into (30).
As you may know, Einstein lobbied to co-host the Oscars by coming up with the iconic "E equals MC squared" formula that means "entertainment equals two masters of ceremonies".
In the analysis performed in Results section, the cost function compares simulated results with experimental data from various sources/conditions (see also Table S3 in Data S2) [50], [62], [63], [63] using a least-square formula [64].
The chi-square formula is defined as: (9) χ 2 = ∑ i = 1 N (O i - E i ) 2 / E i.
The chi-square statistic value was computed based on the chi-square formula (see Methods), which is 193.9.
The chi-square statistic is computed using the above chi-square formula, as shown in Table 3.
The least-squares formula takes account of this but ML estimation ignores it.
The first step of the identification algorithm in based on an iterative search procedure while the second and third ones rely on simple least–squares formulas.
Correction formulae such as Bazett's square root formula (QTc = QT/RR1/2) are frequently used but are often inaccurate at the extremes of physiological heart rate [ 29].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com