A radical method for being contrast invariant is to use a true egalitarian suffrage, with uniform weight ω=1.0, which conversely may favour spurious structures like jpeg artefacts.
In particular, FCT is less diffusive than GLM, is able to preserve a stationary solution, and it creates less spurious structures in the magnetic field.
Automated detection and exclusion of spurious structures (e.g. cysts and other bright white regions on the skin) in the pre-processing stage increases the accuracy and robustness.
In simulations of large solid deformation under plane strain compression, the finite element solver exhibits spurious structures that are not present in the Lagrangian particle simulations.
In this sense, combining multiple scales can improve the detection, as illustrated on Fig. 4: the finer scales improve the localisation of the main peaks while the coarser scales reduce the influence of the spurious structures.
To summarise this small section on the comparison between both divergence-control techniques, we found from the three tests performed that FCT seems to be less diffusive than GLM, is able to preserve for a longer time a stationary solution, and seems to create less spurious structures in the magnetic field.
A well-known potential advantage of directly exploring the space of structured motifs is that the combined boxes, together with the distance constraints, may be strong enough to quickly emerge, possibly together with few others spurious structures, even though each single box is a weak signal (see, e.g., [ 15]).
Actually, we do not fix any value for the size of units or spacers, and we do not require units to be identical inside a given CRISPR (the minimal required percentage of identity with the consensus is, however, fixed at 60% in order to avoid spurious structures).
Also, it has been noticed that SMLM images of organelles such as mitochondria (Betzig et al. 2006), microtubules, or clathrin-coated pits have localization densities that are spatially inhomogeneous, often resulting in spurious structures, e.g., clathrin-coated pits with poor symmetry (Lang and Rizzoli 2010).
A prominent example is the mis-modeling of time-varying external fields which can manifest itself as spurious static structure, for instance, in the lithospheric field.
