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Exact(17)
However, a simple aggregate score for investigating change has a number of potential problems as noted by Bereiter (1963) such as: paradoxical reliability of change scores; spurious negative correlation of change with initial status; and inconsistent scale units for change.
The spurious negative values were set to zero, after which the tensor derivates MD and FA were calculated [35].
However, it has been noted that a correlation analysis between a quotient and its denominator has a tendency to yield a seemingly significant but in fact spurious negative correlation [ 90].
It was decided to split observed non-coverage rates according to whether there was spurious positive treatment effect or a spurious negative one because skewed distributions were expected to have different implications for each of these.
However, given that head trauma, common, for instance, in motor vehicle injury, often leads to reduced cognitive function (23), a spurious negative mental ability injury gradient may be generated by using this type of study design.
Patients with depression have been shown to be particularly sensitive to spurious negative feedback (Elliott et al. 1996; Murphy et al. 2003) and restoring the euthymic balance by correcting 5-HT transmission may constitute a primary mode of action of antidepressant drugs.
Similar(43)
Given the number of comparisons made in this study, as occurs with most such studies, some (or many) of the significant findings, whether positive or negative, may well be spurious.
In summary, the fixed effects estimates show that the negative relationship between intermarriage and intentions to return is spurious.
Our model can be used to identify true functional genes, which are usually under negative or positive selection, from among hypothetical overlapping ORFs, which are mainly spurious.
How spurious.
Unfortunately, they are spurious.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com