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Table 3 also reports the variance of the unobserved individual effects, which might be considered a proxy for the extent of the spurious factors leading to persistence.
We realize that changes in legislation are not spurious: factors that have led to increases in in-couple residence rates may also have pushed states to repeal CLM laws.
In order to identify the magnitude of the structural state dependence and disentangle it from spurious factors leading to persistence, the initial values play an important role (Heckman 1981; Wooldridge 2005).
Theories of revictimization can be categorized into eight major areas: spurious factors, situational or environmental variables, disturbed interpersonal relationships, cognitive attributions, self-blame and self-esteem, coping skills, perception of threat and trauma-related symptomatology, and general psychological adjustment.
The fact that birds of both sexes did neither differ in age, nor in weight or bill size, confirms that differences in social transmission from female demonstrators to male and female observers were due to observer sex and not to other spurious factors.
Default values in some statistical packages such as eigenvalues greater than one do not take this into account, and can generate spurious factors.
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This indicates that there is potentially a spurious factor of two somewhere in the calculation for the lower bound.
Mr. Anderson admits that the correlation is "almost certainly spurious": other factors have also been at play.
Disentangling the peer influence from spurious unobserved factors associated with peer selection [7] is important if we are to accurately predict the success of policies aimed at reducing drug use among adolescents.
Bacterial genomes are also depleted from spurious transcription factor binding sites due to weak selection [ 43].
Until recently, older reporter vector backbones had spurious transcription factor binding sites resulting in both inaccurate and false-positive results.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com