Table 3 also reports the variance of the unobserved individual effects, which might be considered a proxy for the extent of the spurious factors leading to persistence.
We realize that changes in legislation are not spurious: factors that have led to increases in in-couple residence rates may also have pushed states to repeal CLM laws.
In order to identify the magnitude of the structural state dependence and disentangle it from spurious factors leading to persistence, the initial values play an important role (Heckman 1981; Wooldridge 2005).
Theories of revictimization can be categorized into eight major areas: spurious factors, situational or environmental variables, disturbed interpersonal relationships, cognitive attributions, self-blame and self-esteem, coping skills, perception of threat and trauma-related symptomatology, and general psychological adjustment.
The fact that birds of both sexes did neither differ in age, nor in weight or bill size, confirms that differences in social transmission from female demonstrators to male and female observers were due to observer sex and not to other spurious factors.
Default values in some statistical packages such as eigenvalues greater than one do not take this into account, and can generate spurious factors.
Once spurious factors have been accounted for, data analysis shows that mtDNA-encoded residues engaged in contacts are, in general, more constrained than their noncontact counterparts.
Given the cluster of items within each of the underlying six domains of the scale (e.g. positive well being; depressive symptoms) and their observed level of local dependency, it is possible that some of the variability in earlier factor analytic findings may have been influenced by this local dependency, causing CFA to fail, and perhaps generating spurious factors.
To ensure our decoding accuracies could not result from spurious factors (e.g., task-correlated head or arm movements), we also tested the performance of our classifiers in ROIs outside of our action-related network where no statistically significant classification should be possible.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00425.013 To ensure our decoding accuracies could not result from spurious factors (e.g., task-correlated head or arm movements), we ran the same classification analyses in two non-brain ROIs where decoding should not be expected: the right ventricle and outside the brain.
