In family-based heritability studies, insufficient resolution can result in underestimation of h2 [e.g., 42], and spurious gene-environment interaction [43].
In addition, the ability of the APDs to measure particle (and photon) energies is especially useful for background reduction during observations in a harsh radiation environment, since spurious signals are discarded by a consistency check of the energy, determined by the ESA and APDs independently.
For example, in the classical twin study, heritability estimates will be biased downwards and spurious evidence for shared environment may be found [23].
While population substructure may induce spurious associations in gene-environment interaction studies, this is unlikely to account for our findings given our homogeneous study sample of white men.
This is possibly due to confounding of effects i.e. common environment can give spurious variance at the QTL and further highlights the importance of fitting maternal effects to avoid spurious detection of QTL.
The erroneous experimental data have resulted in spurious estimates of space radiation environment and give rise to erroneous physical conclusions.
These markers can also indicate gene-environment interaction, genetic heterogeneity, spurious results, or other complex disease æ tiology.
Overall, the power to detect spurious interaction is somewhat higher when the environment is continuous in nature, but the sample sizes required to detect stratification with respect to the interaction effect are prohibitively large in all simulated scenarios.
A further source of error might be spurious detection of maternally expressed QTL due to common maternal environment, here common environment is fitted within the linear model.
The findings are applicable in the design of virtual environment countermeasures to mitigate perception of spurious motion arising from head tracking system latency.
