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The adjusted p-values are the false discovery rates (FDR), which represent the proportion of "significant" genes vs. those that are false or spurious "discoveries".
The statistical power was estimated to be satisfactory, with a limited proportion of false negatives (β = 0.01 to 0.03, Table 2), while consistent with a small number of spurious discoveries (cf. Table 3).
To avoid spurious discoveries (Type II error), we validated the repression of a sample of these genes using an independent method (qPCR).
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This method can generate spurious interactions (false discoveries), and true interactions can be missed (false negatives).
Successful replication provides an important and independent verification of results which helps to prevent the discovery of spurious associations.
We also purged a further 6,834 alignments that showed nonsynonymous changes (d N > 0) but very low levels of synonymous changes (d S < 0.01), thus removing very large d N/d S values that might bias results toward the discovery of spurious positive selection.
But false discovery attributed to spurious associations caused by population stratification and unequal relatedness need to be accounted for (Abiola et al. 2003).
Claude Shannon's fundamental insight was that, with the right code, information can be reliably transmitted between sender and receiver at any level of spurious noise, although the practical design or discovery of such Shannon codes has proved challenging.
Without proper validation by other means, this form of SNP discovery will inevitably lead to spurious results caused by the duplication content of the human genome [ 26, 48].
Lastly, with no control for false discovery rates and multiple testing, spurious results are possible and, as such, the results should be interpreted with caution.
We find that distinction spurious.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com