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Consumption of rodents was associated with a borderline significant protective effect, which was probably a spurious association.
A spurious association between lead and risk of PD could result if lead is associated with duration of survival with PD.
However, this spurious association exists due to the fact that trained staff (predictor variable X2) is associated to both the response variable Y and clean hospital floors X3.
Meanwhile, adjustment for relevant covariates is often desirable and sometimes necessary to protect against spurious association and to improve power.
Unrelated controls are generally easy to collect, but the resulting analyses are susceptible to spurious association arising from population stratification.
The latter implies a spurious association between contact use and job search outcomes since people tend to make friends with others similar to themselves (Mouw 2003).
This finding further supported the robustness of the QSAR approach in predicting the outcome from the medical database by avoiding a spurious association within a set of variables.
In this alternative theoretical model, they would be collider variables and controlling for them would introduce a spurious association between education and skills.
It is well known that failure to properly account for population or pedigree structure can lead to spurious association as well as reduced power.
Although association analysis is a useful tool for uncovering the genetic underpinnings of complex traits, its utility is diminished by population substructure, which can produce spurious association between phenotype and genotype within population-based samples.
A case-control sample is more powerful to detect genetic effects than a family-based sample that contains the same numbers of affected and unaffected persons, although additional markers may be required to control for spurious association.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com