Modern instruments are of two types: the more usual pivoted blades have a rivet or screw connection between the cutting ends and the handle ends; spring shears have a C-shaped spring connection at the handle ends.
In ZEUS-NL, the columns are modeled with distributed nonlinear fiber sections (flexural response) and an NL zero-length shear spring (shear response) at the end of each column.
The important parameters include spring and shear parameters of foundation, thermal loads, nonlocal parameter and radius of curvature of curved nanobeam.
Numerical results reveal the effects of the electric and magnetic potentials, spring and shear coefficients of the Pasternak foundation on the buckling load and vibration frequency.
Using vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization, the shear-induced NTO spectra were obtained with a spring-driven shearing device installed in a SALI chamber directly beneath the mass spectrometer sampling region.
Electro-thermal loadings on the transverse free vibration of double walled boron nitride nanotubes (DWBNNTs) embedded in an elastic medium were considered by Arani et al. [9], who investigated the influence of spring modulus, shear modulus, electric field, and temperature change on the natural frequency.
Bridges on soil type-B showed smaller response values for all parameters compared to those on soil type D. Abutment-soil interaction springs and shear keys yielded for both soil types when subjected to ground motions with PGAs of 0.6 g.
On the other hand, the existing macroscopic models use a horizontal uniaxial element (i.e. shear spring element) in order to describe the shear response of walls.
To resolve this problem, the shear load versus deformation model for the shear spring was developed using the existing OpenSees limit-state material model and shear limit curve developed by Elwood (2004).
In this model, shear deformations are simulated using a shear spring, while the flexural deformations are monitored using beam/column elements.
