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Considering the material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity of the buried pipeline and soil mass, a nonlinear soil spring element was used to simulate the interaction of soil and pipes (Wang and Yeh 1985; Zheng et al. 2015).
Generally there is no restriction on the spring element material.
It consists of a flexible support structure by a multi-dimensional non-linear "hardening" spring element.
The non-linearity is imposed by replacing a spring element by a cubic-non-linear spring.
In this new model the partial end-plate connection is modelled as a 2-noded nonlinear spring element.
The spring element has been incorporated in a well-established general program for nonlinear static and dynamic analysis.
Similar(15)
The specific nature of attaching linkages and spring elements varies widely among automobile models.
The primary or secondary suspension systems could be modeled by spring elements and dashpot elements.
When Mendeleev proposed his periodic table in 1869, element 43 was unknown.
In December 1949, the team found element 97, berkelium, and in February 1950, element 98, californium.
These results suggested that TnFdr shared an IS6100 element with TnCar, but not with TnAnt.
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