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Antibiotics, such as sulfadiazine, reach agricultural soils directly through manure of grazing livestock or indirectly through the spreading of manure or sewage sludge on the field.
Animal movements and spreading of manure are restricted.
Thus, spreading of manure might contribute to (zoonotic) bacterial infections [ 1, 6, 16- 18].
Resistant bacteria then spread among groups of animals, including fish, or to the local environment (adjacent soil, air, and water) through the spreading of manure.
Terrestrial plants can also demonstrate elevated δN values as a result of natural environmental conditions such as salinity and aridity or anthropogenic factors such as the spreading of manure as fertilizer (Bogaard et al., 2007; Fraser et al., 2011).
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Coupled δ11B, δ15N and 87Sr/86Sr results indicate that a large part of the NO3 contamination in the Arguenon watershed originates from the spreading of animal manure, with hog manure being a major contributor.
This observation compares favourably with earlier work by Fianko et al. (2008) in groundwater of the Densu River Basin, where agriculture, spreading of animal manure, sewage sludge and effluent were deduced as the probable causes of increased levels of nitrate in the groundwaters.
Predictive simulations have been carried out with the ANIMO model describing soluble phosphorus (P) leaching, for a number of scenarios concerning spreading of organic manures.
The emission and distribution of veterinary pharmaceuticals and pathogenic microorganisms in the environment with a special attention of natural and artificial barriers to the development and spreading of resistancy via manure-utilization is in the focus of the research project RiskAGuA.
Healy and colleagues [ 25] found that spreading of sheep compost containing manure and/or placenta onto pasture was associated with increased odds of a flock being scrapie-positive.
Manure spreading, particularly daily manure application, increased the risk of well water contamination, whereas other farming practices such as tillage were less predictive of well vulnerability.
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