"He provided the framework and spread the ideology," Ms. Biserko said.
Historians have also pointed out that the programs helped to spread the ideology of "vocationalism," the view that the curriculum should be guided by economic priorities and values.
Filiu is convinced that by creating a vacuum, the west let radical Islamic networks based in the Gulf states become enmeshed in the Syrian quagmire – thus helping spread the ideology Isis thrives on.
"They can spread the ideology, but the actions can't be as big as in Taiwan because the government will feel threatened," Mr Fu said.
So then, he argued, how can he spread the ideology of an organization that doesn't have a presence here?
Several groups, including the Catholic church, are being investigated after a parliamentary report accused them of spreading the "ideology of genocide".
While the sovereign citizen movement is inherently not organized, some members of the firmament become known as gurus, and are vectors for spreading the ideology.
The internet binds together the amorphous cloud of jihadist groups, spreads the ideology, weaves together the "single narrative" that Islam is under attack, popularises militant acts and distributes terrorist know-how.
"Under the cover of fighting against homophobia and for gender equality, they are spreading the ideology of gender theory and homosexual propaganda," Abdallah Dliouah, a Muslim cleric, was quoted as saying in Le Monde.
The main targets were the French, who might spread the "Jacobin" ideology of the French Revolution.
